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REF: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-organizationalbehavior/chapter/what-is-organizational-behavior
In a nutshell, organizational behavior is the study of how human behavior affects an organization. Organizational behavior aims to learn how an organization operates through the behaviors of its members. Instead of taking a strictly numerical approach to determine an organization’s operations, it takes a more psychological approach. By understanding people, you can better understand an organization
 
The academic study of organizational behavior can be dated back to Taylor’s scientific theory . However, certain components of organizational behavior can date back even further. In this section we will discuss how organizational behavior developed into a field of its own.
Looking back thousands of years we can find components of organizational behavior. Famous philosophers like Plato and Aristotle discussed key components of today’s organizations including the importance of leadership and clear communication. While these seem like very basic and broad concepts today, at the time they were innovative ideas and helped to lay the foundation for organizational behavior.
If organizational behavior were a simple topic, this course would be short and sweet. We could simply say that organizational behavior is how people and groups act within an organization. But it’s not so simple!
When organizational behavior grew into an academic study with the rise of the Industrial Revolution, it began to complicate what could appear to be simple topics. People began asking a lot of questions and started critiquing how organizations operated. Like many academic ventures, people began to deep dive into how behavior plays a role in organizations and why changes in behavior alter the way organizations operate. Along the way, organizational behavior has grown to incorporate components of management, psychology, leadership, personality traits, motivation, etc.
Organizational behavior has grown into its own niche within a wide variety of other genres. This is exciting because it allows us to really investigate each and every aspect of behavior within an organization! Today, organizational behavior is recognized as an essential component of an organization. Scholars and businesses alike recognize its importance and continue to help it adapt to current issues and new findings.

K-12 combines technology with education to create high quality and customised learning syllabus for the students from kindergarten to 12th class. K-12 powered online schools are slowly gaining acceptance as it creates a beautiful blend between traditional education with modern technology and tools for digital learning.
K-12 combines technology with education to create high quality and customised learning syllabus for the students from kindergarten to 12th class. K-12 powered online schools are slowly gaining acceptance as it creates a beautiful blend between traditional education with modern technology and tools for digital learning.
 

Higher education is also slowly adopting the digital era. Online certifications or the certifications which add value to their degree are becoming popular among the college students. Most of such courses are targeted to improve employability of the students. Availability of many more such courses can help to make online education popular in India.
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89mXAfqE4jI&ab_channel=HigherEducation

In the current scenario, mark sheet of the individual students are maintained by respective universities. No third party authority or any person is appointed to validate the marks or degree obtained by the student as per records of the university. If the universities decide to verify each student’s mark sheet or certificate then entire process will have to be carried out manually.
 
Block chain technology can help to eliminate such issues by offering features such as information collaboration and validation which can help to validate the student degree or marks obtained. We can see more new concepts and ideas related to collaboration oriented processes in block chain especially developed for education sector.

Block chain technology allows duplication of data. Thus it can help to store digital copies of the student certificates in the distributed and collaborated environment. Each university can act as node or Validator where any person in authority can validate student documents by requesting for verified information from the students.
 
Such collaborative approach can help solve many issues like loss of original degree certificates or mark sheets, illegal duplication or modification of documents, authentication of student education records etc. This will also help universities to cut down the costs involved in making infrastructure available for storage of students’ important educational documents.

Estimating and analyzing the Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is essential for understanding the evolution of the Earth’s climate. This is possible only through a careful computation and monitoring of the climate-energy budget. The climate system exchanges energy with outer space at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) (through radiation) and with solid Earth at the Earth’s crust surface (essentially through geothermal flux). If the climate system were free from external perturbations and internal variability during millennia, then the climate-energy budget would be in a steady state in which the net TOA radiation budget compensates the geothermal flux of +0.08 Wm–2 (Davies and Davies, 2010).
But the climate system is not free from external perturbations and from internal variability. Although the geothermal flux does not generate any perturbations at interannual to millennial time scales (because it varies only at geological time scales), other external forcings from natural origin (such as the solar radiation, the volcanic activity) or anthropogenic origin (such as Greenhouse Gas emissions –GHG-) perturb the system.
 
REf:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00432/full

Through a case study on Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park, learners will explore how scientists study ecosystem
 
The idea that food webs and ecosystem functioning are intimately linked harkens back at least to the work of Forbes (1887). He pondered, in his lake as a microcosm paper, the complexity of lake ecosystems and how this complexity could be maintained given the complex network of trophic interactions. He also emphasized that spatial structure, both within and among lakes, could be important. Lindeman (1942) built on Forbes’s vision of a food web as a microcosm by linking a simplified view of food webs to ecosystem metabolism. Since then, much thinking has gone into understanding food webs and their links to ecosystem attributes (Odum 1957; Margalef 1963), but until recently the importance of space has not sufficiently been integrated into these thoughts. By contrast, the importance of space to populations and communities has been recognized for some time (Watt 1947; Skellam 1951; MacArthur & Wilson 1967), but the connection between this literature and food webs and ecosystems is only now being resolved (Loreau et al. 2003; Polis et al. 2004; Holt & Hoopes 2005; Pillai et al. 2009; Gravel et al. 2010a). Some progress has been made (e.g. Polis et al. 2004; Holyoak et al. 2005), but most of the work on the spatial food web and ecosystem properties has progressed along with two relatively independent traditions.
REF :links https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01588.x
YouTube: https://youtu.be/C6YrPt1ygX8

The basic idea of intelligence:An explosion is that once machines reach a certain level of intelligence, they’ll be able to work on AI just like we do and improve their own capabilities — redesign their own hardware and so on — and their intelligence will zoom off the charts. There’s an area emerging called “cyber-physical systems” about systems that couple computers to the real world. With a cyber-physical system, you’ve got a bunch of bits representing an air traffic control program, and then you’ve got some real airplanes, and what you care about is that no airplanes collide. You’re trying to prove a theorem about the combination of the bits and the physical world. What you would do is write a very conservative mathematical description of the physical world — airplanes can accelerate within such-and-such envelope — and your theorems would still be true in the real world as long as the real world is somewhere inside the envelope of behaviors.
Yet you’ve pointed out that it might not be mathematically possible to formally verify AI systems.
There’s a general problem of “undecidability” in a lot of questions you can ask about computer programs. Alan Turing showed that no computer program can decide whether any other possible program will eventually terminate and output an answer or get stuck in an infinite loop. So if you start out with one program, but it could rewrite itself to be any other program, then you have a problem, because you can’t prove that all possible other programs would satisfy some property.