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Driving along Reykjavik’s windswept roads on a cold March morning, Kári Stefánsson turned up the radio. The World Health Organization had just announced that an estimated 3.4% of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 would die — a shockingly high fatality rate, some 30 times larger than that for seasonal influenza.
There was a problem with that estimate, however: it was based on reported cases of COVID-19, rather than all cases, including mild and asymptomatic infections. “I couldn’t figure out how they could calculate it out without knowing the spread of the virus,” recalls Stefánsson, who is the founder and chief executive of deCODE genetics, a human-genomics company in Reykjavik. He became convinced that making sense of the epidemic, and protecting the people of Iceland from it, would require a sweeping scientific response.

Causes for mental disorders are very difficult to pinpoint, but the general consensus is that they are products of the interaction of genetics with the environment. Certain people who have genes that influence how the brain processes dopamine may be at increased risk for ADHD, but having the genes doesn’t necessarily mean a person will show signs of the condition. There are a number of things that parents can do or not do that alter a child’s development—and their chances of having ADHD.