We found 111 results that contain "information"
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Management Information System
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. This tutorial covers the concepts related to information and provides a detailed coverage on MIS and other major enterprise-level systems. You will also learn how these systems help in the decision-making process, which is critical to any business enterprise.
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Management Information System
Management Information System::
A key measure of the effectiveness of an MIS is the accuracy and reliability of its information. The accuracy of the data it uses and the calculations it applies generally determine the effectiveness of the resulting information. However, not all data needs to be equally accurate.
A key measure of the effectiveness of an MIS is the accuracy and reliability of its information. The accuracy of the data it uses and the calculations it applies generally determine the effectiveness of the resulting information. However, not all data needs to be equally accurate.
ASSESSING LEARNING
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Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security
Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
Cyber could be defined as something related to the group of computers or the internet. At the same time, security means the mechanism of protecting anything. So both the terms Cyber and security took together define the way of protecting user data from the malicious attacks that could lead to the security breach.
Cyber could be defined as something related to the group of computers or the internet. At the same time, security means the mechanism of protecting anything. So both the terms Cyber and security took together define the way of protecting user data from the malicious attacks that could lead to the security breach.
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A human resources management system or human resources information system or human capital managemen
A human resources management system or human resources information system or human capital management is a form of human resources software that combines a number of systems and processes to ensure the easy management of human resources, business processes and data.
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
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CICS stands for Customer Information Control System. CICS was developed in 1968 by IBM
CICS is a DB/DC system which is used in online applications. CICS was developed because batch operating system can execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written in COBOL, C, C++, Java, etc. These days, users want information within seconds and in real time. To provide such quick service, we need a system which can process information online. CICS allows users to communicate with the back-end system to get the desired information. Examples of online programs include online banking system, flight reservation, etc. Following image shows the components of CICS and how they are inter-related −
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
CICS is a DB/DC system which is used in online applications. CICS was developed because batch operating system can execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written in COBOL, C, C++, Java, etc. These days, users want information within seconds and in real time. To provide such quick service, we need a system which can process information online. CICS allows users to communicate with the back-end system to get the desired information. Examples of online programs include online banking system, flight reservation, etc. Following image shows the components of CICS and how they are inter-related −
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
CICS is a DB/DC system which is used in online applications. CICS was developed because batch operating system can execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written in COBOL, C, C++, Java, etc. These days, users want information within seconds and in real time. To provide such quick service, we need a system which can process information online. CICS allows users to communicate with the back-end system to get the desired information. Examples of online programs include online banking system, flight reservation, etc. Following image shows the components of CICS and how they are inter-related −
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
CICS is a DB/DC system which is used in online applications. CICS was developed because batch operating system can execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written in COBOL, C, C++, Java, etc. These days, users want information within seconds and in real time. To provide such quick service, we need a system which can process information online. CICS allows users to communicate with the back-end system to get the desired information. Examples of online programs include online banking system, flight reservation, etc. Following image shows the components of CICS and how they are inter-related −
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
CICS is a DB/DC system which is used in online applications. CICS was developed because batch operating system can execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written in COBOL, C, C++, Java, etc. These days, users want information within seconds and in real time. To provide such quick service, we need a system which can process information online. CICS allows users to communicate with the back-end system to get the desired information. Examples of online programs include online banking system, flight reservation, etc. Following image shows the components of CICS and how they are inter-related −
CICS Overview
Functions of CICS
The main functions performed by CICS in an application are as follows −
CICS manages requests from concurrent users in an application.
Although, multiple users are working on CICS system but it gives a feel to user that he is the single user only.
CICS gives the access to data files for reading or updating them in an application.
Features of CICS
The features of CICS are as follows −
CICS is an operating system in itself, as it manages its own processor storage, has its own task manager which handles execution of multiple programs, and provides its own file management functions.
CICS provides online environment in batch operating system. Jobs submitted are executed immediately.
CICS is a generalized transaction processing interface.
It is possible to have two or more CICS regions at the same time, as CICS runs as a batch job in the operating system at the back-end.
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Agriculture
Megan’s work as the first Communication Arts & Sciences Leadership Development Fellow established strong connections with Dean Prabu David as she supported his goal of improving the graduate student experience. Together, they began a 1-credit course to increase awareness of college offerings and university resources, socialize students in the college, and begin to build community. Further, Megan worked with the college’s only GSO, The Association of Graduate Students in Communication (AGSCOM), to facilitate its official recognition as an RSO and supported Karen Cleveland’s new GSO in the Department of Media & Information. A September 2017 meeting between Megan, Dean David, and Matt Helm, the Director of Graduate Student Life & Wellness at the time, led to a social event held at the college that saw graduate students sharing lunch and discussing plans for future social events held off-campus.
ASSESSING LEARNING
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Advanced employee management system
Usually, large companies and organizations have a vast army of human resources working under them. In such scenarios where there’s a significant number of human employees to manage, it becomes challenging to supervise and manage the activities of the human resources efficiently. Such companies/organizations need an advanced employee management system that can handle everything related to the company’s human resources.
This project aims to build an employee management system that consolidates all the relevant information on a company’s human resources. It has two major components – Admin and Employee.
This project aims to build an employee management system that consolidates all the relevant information on a company’s human resources. It has two major components – Admin and Employee.
ASSESSING LEARNING
Posted on: #iteachmsu
An Effective Management Information System
Effective Management Information System:
Essential characteristics of an effective management information system are 1. MIS is management-oriented 2. MIS is developed under the direction of management 3. MIS is an integrated system 4. common data flow 5. MIS is based upon the future needs of the business 6. MIS is composed of sub-systems 7. MIS requires flexibility 8. distributed data processing and 9. MIS is mostly computerized.
Management Information System is established in an organization to provide relevant information to the managers to operate effectively and efficiently.
1. MIS is management-oriented:
The design of MIS starts with an appraisal of the information needs of the management. The system is usually designed from top to bottom. However, this does not mean that MIS fulfills the information needs of top management only.
It only implies that the information needs of the top management will serve as a basis for the assessment of the information needs of lower-level managers. In every case, the system should be designed to cater to the information needs of all levels of management.
2. MIS is developed under the direction of management:
Because of the management orientation of MIS, it is imperative that the management of an organization actively directs the development and establishment of the MIS in an organization.
It is rare to find an MIS where the manager himself, or a high-level representative of his department, is not spending a good deal of time in the system design.
Essential characteristics of an effective management information system are 1. MIS is management-oriented 2. MIS is developed under the direction of management 3. MIS is an integrated system 4. common data flow 5. MIS is based upon the future needs of the business 6. MIS is composed of sub-systems 7. MIS requires flexibility 8. distributed data processing and 9. MIS is mostly computerized.
Management Information System is established in an organization to provide relevant information to the managers to operate effectively and efficiently.
1. MIS is management-oriented:
The design of MIS starts with an appraisal of the information needs of the management. The system is usually designed from top to bottom. However, this does not mean that MIS fulfills the information needs of top management only.
It only implies that the information needs of the top management will serve as a basis for the assessment of the information needs of lower-level managers. In every case, the system should be designed to cater to the information needs of all levels of management.
2. MIS is developed under the direction of management:
Because of the management orientation of MIS, it is imperative that the management of an organization actively directs the development and establishment of the MIS in an organization.
It is rare to find an MIS where the manager himself, or a high-level representative of his department, is not spending a good deal of time in the system design.
Authored by: Rupali
Assessing Learning
Posted on: #iteachmsu
What Is Big Data? and How Big Data Works?
Big data:Big data refers to the large, diverse sets of information that grow at ever-increasing rates. It encompasses the volume of information, the velocity or speed at which it is created and collected, and the variety or scope of the data points being covered (known as the "three v's" of big data).
Big data is a great quantity of diverse information that arrives in increasing volumes and with ever-higher velocity.
Big data can be structured (often numeric, easily formatted and stored) or unstructured (more free-form, less quantifiable).
Nearly every department in a company can utilize findings from big data analysis, but handling its clutter and noise can pose problems.
Big data can be collected from publicly shared comments on social networks and websites, voluntarily gathered from personal electronics and apps, through questionnaires, product purchases, and electronic check-ins.
Big data is most often stored in computer databases and is analyzed using software specifically designed to handle large, complex data sets.
How Big Data Works
Big data can be categorized as unstructured or structured. Structured data consists of information already managed by the organization in databases and spreadsheets; it is frequently numeric in nature. Unstructured data is information that is unorganized and does not fall into a predetermined model or format. It includes data gathered from social media sources, which help institutions gather information on customer needs.
Big data can be collected from publicly shared comments on social networks and websites, voluntarily gathered from personal electronics and apps, through questionnaires, product purchases, and electronic check-ins. The presence of sensors and other inputs in smart devices allows for data to be gathered across a broad spectrum of situations and circumstances.
Big data is a great quantity of diverse information that arrives in increasing volumes and with ever-higher velocity.
Big data can be structured (often numeric, easily formatted and stored) or unstructured (more free-form, less quantifiable).
Nearly every department in a company can utilize findings from big data analysis, but handling its clutter and noise can pose problems.
Big data can be collected from publicly shared comments on social networks and websites, voluntarily gathered from personal electronics and apps, through questionnaires, product purchases, and electronic check-ins.
Big data is most often stored in computer databases and is analyzed using software specifically designed to handle large, complex data sets.
How Big Data Works
Big data can be categorized as unstructured or structured. Structured data consists of information already managed by the organization in databases and spreadsheets; it is frequently numeric in nature. Unstructured data is information that is unorganized and does not fall into a predetermined model or format. It includes data gathered from social media sources, which help institutions gather information on customer needs.
Big data can be collected from publicly shared comments on social networks and websites, voluntarily gathered from personal electronics and apps, through questionnaires, product purchases, and electronic check-ins. The presence of sensors and other inputs in smart devices allows for data to be gathered across a broad spectrum of situations and circumstances.
Authored by: Rupali
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By Shravya: Article with Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHBhFKBLhWshttps://mays.tamu.edu/department-of-information-and-operations-management/management-information-systems/#:~:text=Management%20Information%20Systems%20(MIS)%20is,emphasis%20on%20service%20through%20technology.
Authored by: Vijaya
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Nutrition -- parent group public article.
Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
2. Why is Nutrition Important?
Growth and Development:
Proper nutrition is crucial for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.
Health and Well-being:
It supports overall health and well-being, contributing to a strong immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Energy:
Nutrients provide the body with the energy it needs to function, move, and perform daily activities.
Disease Prevention:
A balanced diet can help prevent or manage various diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
3. Key Nutrients and Their Functions:
Carbohydrates: The body's primary source of energy.
Proteins: Essential for building and repairing tissues, and also provide energy.
Fats: Provide energy, support cell function, and help the body absorb certain vitamins.
Vitamins and Minerals: Crucial for various bodily functions, including immune function, bone health, and nerve function.
Dietary Fiber: Aids in digestion and promotes healthy bowel movements.
Water: Essential for all bodily functions, including hydration and nutrient transport.
4. How to Find Nutrition Information:
Food Labels:
Most packaged foods have nutrition information labels that list key nutrients and their amounts per serving.
Online Resources:
Websites and apps provide nutritional information for various foods and recipes.
Consult Professionals:
Registered dietitians or nutritionists can offer personalized guidance on nutrition needs.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
2. Why is Nutrition Important?
Growth and Development:
Proper nutrition is crucial for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.
Health and Well-being:
It supports overall health and well-being, contributing to a strong immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Energy:
Nutrients provide the body with the energy it needs to function, move, and perform daily activities.
Disease Prevention:
A balanced diet can help prevent or manage various diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
3. Key Nutrients and Their Functions:
Carbohydrates: The body's primary source of energy.
Proteins: Essential for building and repairing tissues, and also provide energy.
Fats: Provide energy, support cell function, and help the body absorb certain vitamins.
Vitamins and Minerals: Crucial for various bodily functions, including immune function, bone health, and nerve function.
Dietary Fiber: Aids in digestion and promotes healthy bowel movements.
Water: Essential for all bodily functions, including hydration and nutrient transport.
4. How to Find Nutrition Information:
Food Labels:
Most packaged foods have nutrition information labels that list key nutrients and their amounts per serving.
Online Resources:
Websites and apps provide nutritional information for various foods and recipes.
Consult Professionals:
Registered dietitians or nutritionists can offer personalized guidance on nutrition needs.
Authored by: Vijaya
Navigating Context
Posted on: #iteachmsu
A Case for More Testing: The Benefits of Frequent, Low-Stakes Assessments
What if I told you about this magical teaching practice that, done even once, produces large improvements in student final exam scores[1], helps narrow the grade gap between poorly prepped and highly prepped first year college students[2], and might even result in more positive course reviews[3],[4]? What if I also told you this magical teaching practice is something you already know how to do? What if I told you, the secret to increasing your students’ success and overall satisfaction is……more TESTS!?
Okay…well to be fair, it’s a little more nuanced than that. While adding just one test to a class does indeed improve final exam scores, it turns out that more frequent, graded exercises in general improve learning outcomes for students [2],[5]. Even better – if these exercises are low stakes, they can improve learning outcomes without increasing student anxiety [4],[6].
We often view testing as an unpleasant but necessary way to assess student performance. It may be time for us to instead view testing as a useful teaching tool and to implement an assessment system that maximizes the potential learning benefits. In this post I will discuss the important known benefits of frequent, low stakes assessments as well as some practical tips for how to maximize these benefits without adding undue stress to your life or the lives of your students.
Benefit #1: “Thinking about thinking”
Testing can improve a student’s metacognition, or their ability to “think about thinking.” A good metacognitive thinker understands how their thought processes work and can pay attention to and change these processes [7]. A student with strong metacognitive skills can therefore more successfully monitor, evaluate, and improve their learning compared to students lacking these skills. Unfortunately, many students struggle with metacognition and must contend with “illusions of mastery” (or thinking they understand a subject better than they actually do). Self-testing is a good way to prevent illusions of mastery, but many students do not incorporate self-testing into their studying, instead electing more passive modes of exam preparation such as rereading texts[8]. Incorporating more testing into the curriculum forces students into the position of making mistakes and receiving feedback, allowing them to frequently measure their learning in relation to expectations and adjust accordingly. Again, note that providing feedback is an essential part of this process.
Benefit #2: Practice Remembering
Testing can improve a student’s long term memory of information presented in class by forcing students to recall what they’ve learned through a cognitive process called active retrieval. Active retrieval strengthens neural pathways important for retrieving memories, allowing these memories to be more easily accessed in the future.
While any sort of retrieval practice is useful, it is most beneficial when it is effortful, spaced, and interleaved. An example of effortful retrieval practice includes testing which forces students to provide the answers (i.e. Short answer and fill in the blank questions as opposed to multiple choice). More effortful retrieval also occurs with spaced and interleaved practice.
Spaced practice is testing that occurs after enough time has elapsed for some (but not complete) forgetting to occur (i.e. Present the information and then wait a couple months, days, or even just until the end of class to test students on it). Interleaved practice incorporates different but related topics and problem types, as opposed to having students practice and master one type at a time (e.g. cumulative testing where you mix problems from different units together). Interleaved practice can help students learn to focus on the underlying principles of problems and to discriminate between problem types, leading to more complex mental models and a deeper understanding of the relationships between ideas[6].
How to Implement More Assessments (Without Losing Your Mind)
So, all you have to do now is come up with a ton of quiz and test questions and free up a bunch of class time for assessments! Don’t forget you also need to grade all of these! After all, feedback is an important part of the process, and frequent (even low stakes) grading has the added benefits of enhancing student motivation, attentiveness, and attendance.I know what you busy teachers (ie. all of you) out there are thinking….“Your ”magical” teaching practice is starting to sound like a hugely effective pain in my butt.”
Don’t give up on me now though! There are some fairly simple ways to add more assessments to your curriculum. Furthermore, you should be able to do this sans student rebellion because these assessments are low-stakes. Frequent, low-stake assessments as opposed to infrequent, high-stakes assessments actually decrease student anxiety overall because no single test is a make it or break it event. In fact, several teachers have reported a large increase in positive student evaluations after restructuring their classes in this way[3],[4],[6]!
Below I lay out some tips for getting the most out of shifting your assessment practices while maintaining both your own and your students’ sanity:
1) Know that “effortful” testing is not always necessary
While effortful testing is best for retrieval practice, even basic, easily graded recognition tests such multiple choice questions still offer benefits, such as helping students remember basic (but important!) information[6],[9].
2) Create different assessment questions
You can also make assessments more effortful by creating questions that engage higher cognitive processes. Now you can sit back, relax, and indulge in one of my personal favorite pastimes (watching student brains explode) without the stressful grading!
3) Make use of educational technologies to ease your grading
For instance, clicker tests are a quick way to test students and allow you to provide feedback for the class all at once.
4) Make assessments into games
If your students need a morale boost, make a quiz into a trivia game and give winning groups candy. Some good old competition and Pavlovian conditioning may make students reassess their view of testing.
5) Assess participation
Doing something as simple as a participation grade will still provide students with incentive without overburdening them or yourself. For instance, this type of grading would work in conjunction with #3.
6) Keep graded assessments predictable
Making assessments predictable as opposed to utilizing pop quizzes helps students feel at ease.6 Furthermore, if they students KNOW an assessment is coming, they are more likely to study and pay attention.
7) Find ways to revisit old material in your assessments
Making assessments cumulative is an effective way to space out your review of material and has the added benefit of making problems interleaved and effortful, all of which maximize retrieval practice[6].
8) Have students reflect on mistakes
You can help students develop metacognitive skills by giving them opportunities to reflect upon and correct their mistakes on assessments. For instance, have students take a quiz and then discuss their answers/thinking with their classmates before receiving feedback. You can also give students opportunities to create keys to short answer questions and grade their own and several (anonymous) classmates’ answers. This will allow them to think through what makes an answer complete and effective.
9) Break large assessments into small ones
Instead of creating new assessments, break up large ones into multiple, lower-stakes assessments. For example, consider replacing big tests with several quizzes. Consider scaffolding large projects such as independent research projects and term papers. Ask for outlines, lists of references, graphs, etc. along the course of the semester before the final project is due. This might cause more work for you in the short term but can help prevent complete disasters at the end of the semester, which can be time consuming.
10) Utilize short daily or weekly quizzes
If you don’t want to adjust a big project/test or lose class time by adding time-consuming assessments, consider adding short daily or weekly quizzes. These grades can add up to equal one test grade. One could consider dropping the lowest score(s) but allowing no make ups to reduce logistical issues.
These are only a few of the many strategies one can use to transition to a frequent, low-stakes assessment system. What are your experiences with low stakes assessments? Have you made use of any which seem particularly effective in enhancing student learning?
Related Reading:
Much of the information about the benefits of testing is from:
Brown, P.C., Roediger III, H.L., McDaniel, M.A. (2014). Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Okay…well to be fair, it’s a little more nuanced than that. While adding just one test to a class does indeed improve final exam scores, it turns out that more frequent, graded exercises in general improve learning outcomes for students [2],[5]. Even better – if these exercises are low stakes, they can improve learning outcomes without increasing student anxiety [4],[6].
We often view testing as an unpleasant but necessary way to assess student performance. It may be time for us to instead view testing as a useful teaching tool and to implement an assessment system that maximizes the potential learning benefits. In this post I will discuss the important known benefits of frequent, low stakes assessments as well as some practical tips for how to maximize these benefits without adding undue stress to your life or the lives of your students.
Benefit #1: “Thinking about thinking”
Testing can improve a student’s metacognition, or their ability to “think about thinking.” A good metacognitive thinker understands how their thought processes work and can pay attention to and change these processes [7]. A student with strong metacognitive skills can therefore more successfully monitor, evaluate, and improve their learning compared to students lacking these skills. Unfortunately, many students struggle with metacognition and must contend with “illusions of mastery” (or thinking they understand a subject better than they actually do). Self-testing is a good way to prevent illusions of mastery, but many students do not incorporate self-testing into their studying, instead electing more passive modes of exam preparation such as rereading texts[8]. Incorporating more testing into the curriculum forces students into the position of making mistakes and receiving feedback, allowing them to frequently measure their learning in relation to expectations and adjust accordingly. Again, note that providing feedback is an essential part of this process.
Benefit #2: Practice Remembering
Testing can improve a student’s long term memory of information presented in class by forcing students to recall what they’ve learned through a cognitive process called active retrieval. Active retrieval strengthens neural pathways important for retrieving memories, allowing these memories to be more easily accessed in the future.
While any sort of retrieval practice is useful, it is most beneficial when it is effortful, spaced, and interleaved. An example of effortful retrieval practice includes testing which forces students to provide the answers (i.e. Short answer and fill in the blank questions as opposed to multiple choice). More effortful retrieval also occurs with spaced and interleaved practice.
Spaced practice is testing that occurs after enough time has elapsed for some (but not complete) forgetting to occur (i.e. Present the information and then wait a couple months, days, or even just until the end of class to test students on it). Interleaved practice incorporates different but related topics and problem types, as opposed to having students practice and master one type at a time (e.g. cumulative testing where you mix problems from different units together). Interleaved practice can help students learn to focus on the underlying principles of problems and to discriminate between problem types, leading to more complex mental models and a deeper understanding of the relationships between ideas[6].
How to Implement More Assessments (Without Losing Your Mind)
So, all you have to do now is come up with a ton of quiz and test questions and free up a bunch of class time for assessments! Don’t forget you also need to grade all of these! After all, feedback is an important part of the process, and frequent (even low stakes) grading has the added benefits of enhancing student motivation, attentiveness, and attendance.I know what you busy teachers (ie. all of you) out there are thinking….“Your ”magical” teaching practice is starting to sound like a hugely effective pain in my butt.”
Don’t give up on me now though! There are some fairly simple ways to add more assessments to your curriculum. Furthermore, you should be able to do this sans student rebellion because these assessments are low-stakes. Frequent, low-stake assessments as opposed to infrequent, high-stakes assessments actually decrease student anxiety overall because no single test is a make it or break it event. In fact, several teachers have reported a large increase in positive student evaluations after restructuring their classes in this way[3],[4],[6]!
Below I lay out some tips for getting the most out of shifting your assessment practices while maintaining both your own and your students’ sanity:
1) Know that “effortful” testing is not always necessary
While effortful testing is best for retrieval practice, even basic, easily graded recognition tests such multiple choice questions still offer benefits, such as helping students remember basic (but important!) information[6],[9].
2) Create different assessment questions
You can also make assessments more effortful by creating questions that engage higher cognitive processes. Now you can sit back, relax, and indulge in one of my personal favorite pastimes (watching student brains explode) without the stressful grading!
3) Make use of educational technologies to ease your grading
For instance, clicker tests are a quick way to test students and allow you to provide feedback for the class all at once.
4) Make assessments into games
If your students need a morale boost, make a quiz into a trivia game and give winning groups candy. Some good old competition and Pavlovian conditioning may make students reassess their view of testing.
5) Assess participation
Doing something as simple as a participation grade will still provide students with incentive without overburdening them or yourself. For instance, this type of grading would work in conjunction with #3.
6) Keep graded assessments predictable
Making assessments predictable as opposed to utilizing pop quizzes helps students feel at ease.6 Furthermore, if they students KNOW an assessment is coming, they are more likely to study and pay attention.
7) Find ways to revisit old material in your assessments
Making assessments cumulative is an effective way to space out your review of material and has the added benefit of making problems interleaved and effortful, all of which maximize retrieval practice[6].
8) Have students reflect on mistakes
You can help students develop metacognitive skills by giving them opportunities to reflect upon and correct their mistakes on assessments. For instance, have students take a quiz and then discuss their answers/thinking with their classmates before receiving feedback. You can also give students opportunities to create keys to short answer questions and grade their own and several (anonymous) classmates’ answers. This will allow them to think through what makes an answer complete and effective.
9) Break large assessments into small ones
Instead of creating new assessments, break up large ones into multiple, lower-stakes assessments. For example, consider replacing big tests with several quizzes. Consider scaffolding large projects such as independent research projects and term papers. Ask for outlines, lists of references, graphs, etc. along the course of the semester before the final project is due. This might cause more work for you in the short term but can help prevent complete disasters at the end of the semester, which can be time consuming.
10) Utilize short daily or weekly quizzes
If you don’t want to adjust a big project/test or lose class time by adding time-consuming assessments, consider adding short daily or weekly quizzes. These grades can add up to equal one test grade. One could consider dropping the lowest score(s) but allowing no make ups to reduce logistical issues.
These are only a few of the many strategies one can use to transition to a frequent, low-stakes assessment system. What are your experiences with low stakes assessments? Have you made use of any which seem particularly effective in enhancing student learning?
Related Reading:
Much of the information about the benefits of testing is from:
Brown, P.C., Roediger III, H.L., McDaniel, M.A. (2014). Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Posted by: Chathuri Super admin..
Navigating Context
Posted on: #iteachmsu
TAM Model
Technology acceptance model
Based on the theory of reasoned Action, Davis ( 1986 ) developed the Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict the acceptability of a tool and to identify the modifications which must be brought to the system in order to make it acceptable to users. This model suggests that the acceptability of an information system is determined by two main factors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
Perceived usefulness is defined as being the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will improve his performance. Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will be effortless. Several factorial analyses demonstrated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be considered as two different dimensions (Hauser et Shugan, 1980 ; Larcker et Lessig, 1980 ; Swanson, 1987).
As demonstrated in the theory of reasoned Action, the Technology Acceptance Model postulates that the use of an information system is determined by the behavioral intention, but on the other hand, that the behavioral intention is determined by the person’s attitude towards the use of the system and also by his perception of its utility. According to Davis, the attitude of an individual is not the only factor that determines his use of a system, but is also based on the impact which it may have on his performance. Therefore, even if an employee does not welcome an information system, the probability that he will use it is high if he perceives that the system will improve his performance at work. Besides, the Technology Acceptance Model hypothesizes a direct link between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. With two systems offering the same features, a user will find more useful the one that he finds easier to use (Dillon and Morris, on 1996).
Based on the theory of reasoned Action, Davis ( 1986 ) developed the Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict the acceptability of a tool and to identify the modifications which must be brought to the system in order to make it acceptable to users. This model suggests that the acceptability of an information system is determined by two main factors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
Perceived usefulness is defined as being the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will improve his performance. Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will be effortless. Several factorial analyses demonstrated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be considered as two different dimensions (Hauser et Shugan, 1980 ; Larcker et Lessig, 1980 ; Swanson, 1987).
As demonstrated in the theory of reasoned Action, the Technology Acceptance Model postulates that the use of an information system is determined by the behavioral intention, but on the other hand, that the behavioral intention is determined by the person’s attitude towards the use of the system and also by his perception of its utility. According to Davis, the attitude of an individual is not the only factor that determines his use of a system, but is also based on the impact which it may have on his performance. Therefore, even if an employee does not welcome an information system, the probability that he will use it is high if he perceives that the system will improve his performance at work. Besides, the Technology Acceptance Model hypothesizes a direct link between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. With two systems offering the same features, a user will find more useful the one that he finds easier to use (Dillon and Morris, on 1996).
Authored by: chathuri
Pedagogical Design
Posted on: #iteachmsu
TAM Model 2
Technology acceptance model
Based on the theory of reasoned Action, Davis ( 1986 ) developed the Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict the acceptability of a tool and to identify the modifications which must be brought to the system in order to make it acceptable to users. This model suggests that the acceptability of an information system is determined by two main factors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
Perceived usefulness is defined as being the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will improve his performance. Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will be effortless. Several factorial analyses demonstrated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be considered as two different dimensions (Hauser et Shugan, 1980 ; Larcker et Lessig, 1980 ; Swanson, 1987).
As demonstrated in the theory of reasoned Action, the Technology Acceptance Model postulates that the use of an information system is determined by the behavioral intention, but on the other hand, that the behavioral intention is determined by the person’s attitude towards the use of the system and also by his perception of its utility. According to Davis, the attitude of an individual is not the only factor that determines his use of a system, but is also based on the impact which it may have on his performance. Therefore, even if an employee does not welcome an information system, the probability that he will use it is high if he perceives that the system will improve his performance at work. Besides, the Technology Acceptance Model hypothesizes a direct link between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. With two systems offering the same features, a user will find more useful the one that he finds easier to use (Dillon and Morris, on 1996).
Based on the theory of reasoned Action, Davis ( 1986 ) developed the Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict the acceptability of a tool and to identify the modifications which must be brought to the system in order to make it acceptable to users. This model suggests that the acceptability of an information system is determined by two main factors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
Perceived usefulness is defined as being the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will improve his performance. Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes that the use of a system will be effortless. Several factorial analyses demonstrated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be considered as two different dimensions (Hauser et Shugan, 1980 ; Larcker et Lessig, 1980 ; Swanson, 1987).
As demonstrated in the theory of reasoned Action, the Technology Acceptance Model postulates that the use of an information system is determined by the behavioral intention, but on the other hand, that the behavioral intention is determined by the person’s attitude towards the use of the system and also by his perception of its utility. According to Davis, the attitude of an individual is not the only factor that determines his use of a system, but is also based on the impact which it may have on his performance. Therefore, even if an employee does not welcome an information system, the probability that he will use it is high if he perceives that the system will improve his performance at work. Besides, the Technology Acceptance Model hypothesizes a direct link between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. With two systems offering the same features, a user will find more useful the one that he finds easier to use (Dillon and Morris, on 1996).
Authored by: chathuri
Pedagogical Design
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Speech perception
Speech perception is the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonology and phonetics in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. In the speech, perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. Speech perception research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, in improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners, and in foreign-language teaching.
The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound signal and the process of audition. (For a complete description of the process of the audition, After processing the initial auditory signal, speech sounds are further processed to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as word recognition.
Link URL : https://iteach-testing.venturit.org/browse/articles
The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound signal and the process of audition. (For a complete description of the process of the audition, After processing the initial auditory signal, speech sounds are further processed to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as word recognition.
Link URL : https://iteach-testing.venturit.org/browse/articles
Authored by: Rupali
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Management Information Systems is of paramount importance to reach effective decisions in an organization. The literature presented in this study explained the significant role of MIS in the decision-making process enhancement in an organization. MIS is deemed to be an integrated user-machine system that provides information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions at various levels of an organization. Organizations are aware that MIS is a special-purpose system useful for management objectives. The study has highlighted that MIS should be accessible in supplying appropriate and high-quality information from its generation to its users. To MIS, to be vital and effective, a carefully conceived, designed, and executed database should exist to communicate the adaptive decisions.
Posted by: Rupali Jagtap
Assessing Learning
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
2. Why is Nutrition Important?
Growth and Development:
Proper nutrition is crucial for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.
Health and Well-being:
It supports overall health and well-being, contributing to a strong immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Energy:
Nutrients provide the body with the energy it needs to function, move, and perform daily activities.
Disease Prevention:
A balanced diet can help prevent or manage various diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
3. Key Nutrients and Their Functions:
Carbohydrates: The body's primary source of energy.
Proteins: Essential for building and repairing tissues, and also provide energy.
Fats: Provide energy, support cell function, and help the body absorb certain vitamins.
Vitamins and Minerals: Crucial for various bodily functions, including immune function, bone health, and nerve function.
Dietary Fiber: Aids in digestion and promotes healthy bowel movements.
Water: Essential for all bodily functions, including hydration and nutrient transport.
4. How to Find Nutrition Information:
Food Labels:
Most packaged foods have nutrition information labels that list key nutrients and their amounts per serving.
Online Resources:
Websites and apps provide nutritional information for various foods and recipes.
Consult Professionals:
Registered dietitians or nutritionists can offer personalized guidance on nutrition needs.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
2. Why is Nutrition Important?
Growth and Development:
Proper nutrition is crucial for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.
Health and Well-being:
It supports overall health and well-being, contributing to a strong immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Energy:
Nutrients provide the body with the energy it needs to function, move, and perform daily activities.
Disease Prevention:
A balanced diet can help prevent or manage various diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
3. Key Nutrients and Their Functions:
Carbohydrates: The body's primary source of energy.
Proteins: Essential for building and repairing tissues, and also provide energy.
Fats: Provide energy, support cell function, and help the body absorb certain vitamins.
Vitamins and Minerals: Crucial for various bodily functions, including immune function, bone health, and nerve function.
Dietary Fiber: Aids in digestion and promotes healthy bowel movements.
Water: Essential for all bodily functions, including hydration and nutrient transport.
4. How to Find Nutrition Information:
Food Labels:
Most packaged foods have nutrition information labels that list key nutrients and their amounts per serving.
Online Resources:
Websites and apps provide nutritional information for various foods and recipes.
Consult Professionals:
Registered dietitians or nutritionists can offer personalized guidance on nutrition needs.
Posted by: Chathuri Super admin..
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Information theory, closely related to probability and statistics, is related to the quantification of information. This was developed by Claude Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes (systems for converting information from one form to another) and their fitness for a specific application. odes are used for data compression and cryptography
Posted by: Rupali Jagtap
Disciplinary Content
Posted on: Nutrition -- Edited...
Edited -- Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water. Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water. Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
Posted by: Chathuri Super admin..
Disciplinary Content
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Graphical user interface design principles conform to the model–view–controller software pattern, which separates internal representations of information from the manner in which information is presented to the user, resulting in a platform where users are shown which functions are possible rather than requiring the input of command codes. Users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets, which are designed to respond in accordance with the type of data they hold and support the actions necessary to complete the user’s task.
Posted by: Chathuri Super admin..
Assessing Learning
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Stages of a typical SDLC.Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas. Stages of a typical SDLC.Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas.
Posted by: Super Admin
Disciplinary Content
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Stages of a typical SDLC.Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas. Stages of a typical SDLC.Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas.
Posted by: Super Admin
Disciplinary Content
Posted on: Nutrition -- Edited...
Edited -- Nutrition information provides insights into the essential nutrients and their quantities found in food, aiding in making informed dietary choices to support health and well-being.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of nutrition information:
1. What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.
It involves the body's ability to ingest, digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients from food for growth, development, and maintaining health.
Essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and water.
Posted by: Chathuri Super admin..
Host: MSU Libraries
Research Facilitation Network Lightning talks: Research Support Services at MSU
Join us for insightful talks about research support services available at Michigan State. This session will highlight units assisting researchers throughout their research life cycle. Bring your questions and support needs to contribute to the discussion.
Meeting information: Zoom, September 16 from 3-4PM
Register here!
Navigating Context
Host: MSU Libraries
Intro to VR @DSL: Drop-in Session
Curious About Virtual Reality?
Whether you're completely new to VR or already exploring it for research, storytelling, gaming, art, or education our Drop-in VR sessions are for you! Stop by the Digital Scholarship Lab to try out one of our HTC Vive XR Elite headsets, get hands-on experience and learn about our VR Headset Loan Program.
Intro to VR @ DSL is here to help you explore the possibilities of Virtual Reality, whether you're looking to:
- Experience immersive gameplay: for fun, fitness, storytelling, or team-building
- Create in 3D: With sculpting, painting, designing and more
- Explore the world: travel virtually to natural landscapes, historical sites, landmarks and more
- Try a simulated experience: from floating in space to riding a roller coaster, even performing surgery
No experience is needed, just bring your curiosity and dive in!
Drop-In VR Sessions
Sept 10th, Sept 24th, Oct 29th, & Nov 19th
From 4:00 PM – 7:00 PM
For parking information visit http://maps.msu.edu/interactive.
If you have questions about accessibility or need to request accommodations, please email lib.dl.accessibility@msu.edu.
Navigating Context
Host: MSU Libraries
The Lucky Ones: A Memoir with Author Zara Chowdhary
Please join us for a special Muslim Journeys session led by author Zara Chowdhary. Chowdhary’s memoir recounts surviving the 2002 massacres at Ahmedabad, India, and delves into the history of her multigenerational Muslim family. Free and open to the public. All are welcome, light refreshments served.
More information, including how to obtain the book at: https://libguides.lib.msu.edu/muslimstudies/muslimjourneys.
Co-sponsored by: MSU Creative Writing Program, Islamic Society of Greater Lansing, One Love Global
For parking information visit http://maps.msu.edu/interactive.
Persons with disabilities may request accommodations by emailing Lib.DL.accessibility@msu.edu.
Navigating Context
Host: MSU Libraries
Latine Voces Uncensored: Symposium on Latine Narratives
The digital age has brought us virtually (pun, intended) limitless access to information in the digital age. Despite this access, Latine communities continue to confront the challenges of rampant misinformation, censorship and misrepresentation—influencing how Latines are depicted in news coverage to popular culture to domestic and international policies that directly impact (and harm) our communities. Accurate Latine narratives and exposure to our histories are as important as ever. In this timely and important symposium, we address representation and free speech through the lens of Puerto Rican storytelling.
Hosted by Latino Spartans & MSU Chicanx/Latinx Association (ChiLA).
Note: The first half of this event will take place at the Multicultural Center. The Library portion will begin at 1:30 in the Green Room.
Please register by clicking here
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Host: MSU Libraries
Learn QGIS: Making a color shaded map in QGIS (Online)
Learn the basics of QGIS, the free open-source geospatial software—this workshop will demonstrate how to make a choropleth (color shaded) map and place graduated symbols representing data on it, load shape-files and .csv table files into QGIS, join data to spatial information and edit features. No experience with QGIS or Geographic Information Systems is required.
Navigating Context
Host: MSU Libraries
Zotero Workshop (Online)
An introduction to the free open source citation management program Zotero. In this workshop, participants will learn how to:
Download references from MSU's article databases and websites
Format citations and bibliographies in a Word document
Create groups and share references with other users
Registration for this event is required.
You will receive a link to join a Zoom meeting before the workshop. Please install the Zotero software and Zotero browser connector on your computer before the session begins. More information is available from https://libguides.lib.msu.edu/zotero/setup.
Questions or need more information? Contact the MSU Libraries Zotero training team at lib.dl.zotero@msu.edu.
To schedule a separate session for your class or research group, please contact the Zotero team at lib.dl.zotero@msu.edu.
Navigating Context